集成電路
微電子技術(shù)的核心是集成電路。集成電路是指以半導(dǎo)體晶體材料為基片(芯片),采用專門的工藝技術(shù)將組成電路的元器件和互連線集成在基片內(nèi)部、表面或基片之上的微小型化電路。這種微電路在結(jié)構(gòu)上比最緊湊的分立元件電路在尺寸和重量上小成千上萬倍。它的出現(xiàn)引起了計算機的巨大變革,成為現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ),IBM(國際商業(yè)機器公司),己采用鋼代替硅芯片中的鋁作互連線,取得了突破性進展。這種用銅的新型微芯片,可以獲得30%的效能增益,電路的線尺寸可以減小到0.12微米,可使在單個芯片上集成的晶體管數(shù)目達到200萬個。這就為古老的金屬銅,在半導(dǎo)體集成電路這個最新技術(shù)領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用,開創(chuàng)了新局面。
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